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Excessive sodium/salt intake is the leading dietary risk factor for the loss of healthy life in the Chinese population. The "Healthy China 2030" Action Plan set the goal of reducing salt intake by 20% by 2030. However, salt intake in China is still at a very high level in the world, with adults reaching 11 g/d, more than twice the recommended limit of 5 g/d. The current policies and action plans of China have targeted catering workers, children, adolescents, and home chefs in salt, oil, and sugar reduction actions. However, there are still obvious deficiencies in the coordinated promotion and implementation. This study, therefore, proposed a set of comprehensive strategies (named CHRPS that is composed of communication and education, salt reduction in home cooking, salt reduction in restaurants, reducing salt content in pre-packaged food, and surveillance and evaluation) and key implementation points for further deepening the salt reduction action in China. These strategies were developed based on the main sources of dietary sodium for Chinese residents, the status of "knowledge, attitude and practice" in salt reduction, evidence of effective intervention measures, existing policies and requirements, and the salt reduction strategies of the World Health Organization and experience from some other countries. As a scientific reference, the CHRPS strategies will help the government and relevant organizations quickly implement salt reduction work and facilitate the earlier realization of China's salt reduction goal.
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Adult , Child , Adolescent , Humans , Sodium Chloride, Dietary , Sodium, Dietary , Diet , Food , ChinaABSTRACT
Objective:To evaluate the role of NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation-mediated macrophage polarization in myocardial injury after ischemic stroke in diabetic mice.Methods:Wild-type C57BL/6J mice and NLRP3 -/- mice, aged 4-6 weeks, were fed a high fat diet combined with streptozotocin administration to develop the diabetic model. Twenty-four diabetic wild type C57BL/6J mice and 23 diabetic NLRP3 -/- mice were divided into wild type sham operation group (WT D-SHAM group, n=9) , wild type ischemic stroke group (WT D-MCAO group, n=15) , NLRP3 -/- sham operation group (NLRP3 -/-D-SHAM group, n=9) and NLRP3 -/- ischemic stroke group (NLRP3 -/-D-MCAO group, n=14). The ischemic stroke model was developed by middle cerebral artery occlusion in the animals anesthetized with isoflurane. Echocardiography and electrocardiography were carried out at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after developing the model. Mice were sacrificed under deep anesthesia, and myocardial tissues were taken at 28 days after surgery for determination of the expression of macrophage marker F4/80 and M2 type macrophage marker CD206 mRNA (by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction). Results:Compared with WT D-SHAM group, the cardiac output, mass of left ventricle and corrected mass of left ventricle were significantly decreased at 28 days after surgery, and QT interval and QTc interval were prolonged at 14 and 28 days after developing the model in WT D-MCAO group ( P<0.05). Compared with NLRP3 -/-D-SHAM group, the cardiac output, mass of left ventricle and corrected mass of left ventricle were significantly decreased, and QT interval and QTc interval were prolonged at 3 days after surgery in NLRP3 -/-D-MCAO group ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in CD206 and F4/80 mRNA expression between WT D-SHAM group and WT D-MCAO group and between NLRP3 -/-D-SHAM group and NLRP3 -/-D-MCAO group ( P>0.05). Compared with WT D-MCAO group, the QT interval and QTC interval were significantly shortened at 14 and 28 days after developing the model, and the expression of F4/80 mRNA was down-regulated and the expression of CD206 mRNA was up-regulated at 28 days after developing the model in NLRP3 -/-D-MCAO group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:NLRP3 inflammasome activation-mediated polarization of macrophages to M2 phenotype is involved in myocardial injury after ischemic stroke in diabetic mice.
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Objective@#To understand the management of tuberculosis outbreaks in middle schools in Bijie City, and to put forward suggestions to improve the quality of tuberculosis epidemic situation in schools.@*Methods@#A unified questionnaire was used to investigate the management of tuberculosis outbreaks in middle schools reported by tuberculosis information management system from August 27, 2018 to January 6, 2019 in Bijie City.@*Results@#The screening rate of close contacts was 69.72%(99/142), which significantly varied by counties(P<0.01). The time from the date of diagnosis of patients to screening of close contacts by local CDC was 3(1-10.5) days. Rate of standardized management process for close contacts aged 15 years or older (0) was lower than that for close contacts aged younger than 15 years old (23.08%)(P<0.01). 3 462 close contacts were screened for TB symptom,and chest X-ray among those suspected individuals(process 1), and 2 439 close contacts were screened with TB symptom,PPD test,and chest X-ray among those suspected individuals or those with strong positive in PPD test(process 2). The detection rate of pulmonary tuberculosis in close contacts of Grade I was lower in Process 1 (28.89/100 000) than in Process 2 (328.00/100 000)(χ2=6.56, P=0.01). The latent infection rate of the first-class close contacts (6.39%) was higher than that of the second-class close contacts(1.93%)(χ2=54.86, P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#Management of tuberculosis outbreaks in middle schools in Bijie City in 2018 is effective and timely, but the standardization needs to be improved.
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Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In the post-stroke stage, cardiac dysfunction is common and is known as the brain-heart interaction. Diabetes mellitus worsens the post-stroke outcome. Stroke-induced systemic inflammation is the major causative factor for the sequential complications, but the mechanism underlying the brain-heart interaction in diabetes has not been clarified. The NLRP3 (NLR pyrin domain-containing 3) inflammasome, an important component of the inflammation after stroke, is mainly activated in M1-polarized macrophages. In this study, we found that the cardiac dysfunction induced by ischemic stroke is more severe in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Meanwhile, M1-polarized macrophage infiltration and NLRP3 inflammasome activation increased in the cardiac ventricle after diabetic stroke. Importantly, the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor CY-09 restored cardiac function, indicating that the M1-polarized macrophage-NLRP3 inflammasome activation is a pathway underlying the brain-heart interaction after diabetic stroke.
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Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In the post-stroke stage, cardiac dysfunction is common and is known as the brain-heart interaction. Diabetes mellitus worsens the post-stroke outcome. Stroke-induced systemic inflammation is the major causative factor for the sequential complications, but the mechanism underlying the brain-heart interaction in diabetes has not been clarified. The NLRP3 (NLR pyrin domain-containing 3) inflammasome, an important component of the inflammation after stroke, is mainly activated in M1-polarized macrophages. In this study, we found that the cardiac dysfunction induced by ischemic stroke is more severe in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Meanwhile, M1-polarized macrophage infiltration and NLRP3 inflammasome activation increased in the cardiac ventricle after diabetic stroke. Importantly, the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor CY-09 restored cardiac function, indicating that the M1-polarized macrophage-NLRP3 inflammasome activation is a pathway underlying the brain-heart interaction after diabetic stroke.
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After the connotation and necessity of social capital participating in health information construction were analyzed, the principal foreign experiences, and domestic status quo and problems of social capital participating in health information construction were described and the following development strategies were put forward for the par-ticipation of social capital in health information construction, namely the key points for the participation of social capital in health information construction, smooth and effective management mechanisms, standard management systems and information security management systems, comprehensive and practical assessment and monitoring sys-tems, encouragement of the participation of social capital in health information construction.
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After the connotation and necessity of social capital participating in health information construction were analyzed, the principal foreign experiences, and domestic status quo and problems of social capital participating in health information construction were described and the following development strategies were put forward for the par-ticipation of social capital in health information construction, namely the key points for the participation of social capital in health information construction, smooth and effective management mechanisms, standard management systems and information security management systems, comprehensive and practical assessment and monitoring sys-tems, encouragement of the participation of social capital in health information construction.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the gross tumor volume of resectable gastric adenocarcinoma on multidetector computed tomography could predict the presence of regional lymph node metastasis and could determine N categories. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 202 consecutive patients with gastric adenocarcinoma who had undergone gastrectomy 1 week after contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography were retrospectively identified. The gross tumor volume was evaluated on multidetector computed tomography images. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine whether the gross tumor volume could predict regional lymph node metastasis, and the Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare the gross tumor volume among N categories. Additionally, a receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to identify the accuracy of the gross tumor volume in differentiating N categories. RESULTS: The gross tumor volume could predict regional lymph node metastasis (p<0.0001) in the univariate analysis, and the multivariate analyses indicated that the gross tumor volume was an independent risk factor for regional lymph node metastasis (p=0.005, odds ratio=1.364). The Mann-Whitney U test showed that the gross tumor volume could distinguish N0 from the N1-N3 categories, N0-N1 from N2-N3, and N0-N2 from N3 (all p<0.0001). In the T1-T4a categories, the gross tumor volume could differentiate N0 from the N1-N3 categories (cutoff, 12.3 cm3), N0-N1 from N2-N3 (cutoff, 16.6 cm3), and N0-N2 from N3 (cutoff, 24.6 cm3). In the T4a category, the gross tumor volume could differentiate N0 from the N1-N3 categories (cutoff, 15.8 cm3), N0-N1 from N2-N3 (cutoff, 17.8 cm3), and N0-N2 from N3 (cutoff, 24 cm3). CONCLUSION: The gross tumor volume of resectable gastric adenocarcinoma on multidetector computed tomography could predict regional lymph node metastasis and N categories.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Stomach Neoplasms/pathology , Adenocarcinoma/secondary , Tumor Burden , Multidetector Computed Tomography/methods , Lymph Nodes/diagnostic imaging , Prognosis , Stomach Neoplasms/surgery , Stomach Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Adenocarcinoma/surgery , Adenocarcinoma/diagnostic imaging , Observer Variation , Multivariate Analysis , Retrospective Studies , ROC Curve , Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/pathology , Lymph Nodes/pathology , Lymphatic Metastasis , Neoplasm StagingABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the therapeutic effects of stem cell transplantation in heart failure patients with old myocardial infarction (OMI) by MRI.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Heart failure patients [NYHA 2.7 +/- 0.7, male = 18, mean age (59.5 +/- 10.1) y] with OMI were randomly divided into 2 groups (group A: CABG + stem cell transplantation, group B: CABG; n = 10 each). Left ventricular (LV) function was measured by MRI, viable myocardium was detected by (18)F-FDG myocardial metabolism imaging and late contrast-enhanced at baseline and 6 months post intervention.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>LVEF and LVEDV at baseline for group A were (20.71 +/- 6.09)% and (172.73 +/- 32.74) ml, and for group B were (27.59 +/- 2.31)% and (155.13 +/- 28.36) ml, respectively (P > 0.05). The LVEF was equally improved in group A and B (mean 8.63% vs. 10.37%, P > 0.05) while DeltaLVEDV was significant higher in group A than that in group B [(9.91 +/- 39.50) ml vs. (-22.34 +/- 31.35) ml, P < 0.05]. Ventricular wall thickening ratio at 6 months post intervention was significantly higher in group A than that in group B [(11.40 +/- 11.53)% vs. (2.27 +/- 7.20)%, P < 0.05]. Late contrast-enhanced MRI results correlated with (18)F-FDG myocardial metabolism imaging SPECT well in assessment of myocardial viability (kappa value: 0.446, P < 0.001; sensitivity: 68.3% and specificity: 92.5%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Stem cell therapy on top of CABG aggravated LV remodeling in heart failure patients with old myocardial infarction. The specificity of MRI is similar to (18)F-FDG SPECT while the sensitivity is inferior to (18)F-FDG SPECT on detecting viable myocardium.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Double-Blind Method , Heart Failure , Therapeutics , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Myocardial Infarction , Therapeutics , Sensitivity and Specificity , Stem Cell Transplantation , Treatment Outcome , Ventricular RemodelingABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the distribution of chronic disease related behavior and lifestyle in adults from Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>16,658 adult residents from Beijing city were randomly selected with stratified multi-stage cluster sampling method in 2005. Each participant was invited to receive a set of standardized questionnaire, physical examinations and laboratory tests.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the adults living in Beijing, 33.2% were overweight and 16.4% were obesive. The current smoking rate was 26.2% and the regular smoking rate was 21.4%. 57.7% of the male and 4.6% of the female adults were current smokers. In male adults, 64.3% drank alcoholic beverage at least once per month while 16.1% drank almost everyday, 16.5% drank more alcohol than moderate, and 18.5% were binge drinkers. 46.0% of Beijing adults were in lack of active physical exercise. Unhealthy dietary habits such as:excess consumption of sodium or oil, lower intake of vegetable, milk and soybean productions, skipping breakfast, fond of salted vegetable and fried food intake, as well as eating snacks etc. were quite commonly seen in the adults from Beijing. In addition, most of the risk factors had a higher prevalence in the suburban areas and population at working-age.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence rate of chronic risk factors was still high in adults of Beijing. Effective interventions should be carried out to prevent further worsening of the situation, especially in the suburban areas and people at working-age.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Age Distribution , Alcohol Drinking , Epidemiology , China , Epidemiology , Chronic Disease , Epidemiology , Feeding Behavior , Health Behavior , Life Style , Obesity , Epidemiology , Overweight , Epidemiology , Smoking , Epidemiology , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the prevalence and control of several common chronic disease in Beijing adults.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>16,658 adult residents were randomly selected with stratified multi-stage cluster sampling method. Each participant was invited to receive a set of standardized questionnaire, physical examinations and laboratory tests.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Data showed that the prevalence, awareness, treatment and the rate of control on hypertension among the adults in Beijing were 29.1%, 49.3%, 42.3% and 10.6% respectively. The counterparts of diabetes mellitus were 8.8%, 56.7%, 50.0% and 15.0%. The four corresponding figures for dyslipidemia were 33.2%, 31.1%, 13.0% and 4.3%, respectively. 22.9% of the Beijing adults had metabolic syndrome including 8.1 per thousand suffering from myocardial infarction and 18.4 per thousand from stroke. Except for diabetes, all the chronic diseases had higher prevalence rate in rural area than in urban area, according to the findings under our study. Postmenopausal women were more susceptible to chronic disease than men.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence rate of chronic disease in Beijing was still high. The prevalence rate in rural area had exceeded the level in urban area. Adjustment and attention should be made according to the prevalence features and weakness existed in present chronic disease control strategy.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , China , Epidemiology , Chronic Disease , Epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus , Epidemiology , Dyslipidemias , Epidemiology , Hypertension , Epidemiology , Metabolic Syndrome , Epidemiology , PrevalenceABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To develop a general quality of life (QOL) instrument for Chinese in accordance with the Chinese culture and to assess its reliability, validity and sensitivity.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A 35-item QOL questionnaire(QOL-35) was developed with reference to the World Health Organization QOL questionnaire(WHO-100) and the 36-item medical outcomes study on short-form health status(SF-36). Thirty five items were divided into six domains (general, physical, independent, psychological, social, environment) and one item on QOL transition. The reliability of QOL-35 was assessed by a test-retest survey among 127 adults with an interval of 24-72 hours. The internal consistency and validity were evaluated by a survey on 135 adults from outpatients or general population, using QOL-35, WHO-100 and SF-36. The adaptability was assessed by application to 1356 community-based samples in Beijing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1)Test-retest reliability of QOL-35: weighted Kappa indexes for items were from 0.86 to 1.00. Intraclass correlation coefficients were from 0.68 to 0.94 for domains, and 0.94 for total score. (2) On internal consistency: Cronbach's Alphas were 0.93, 0.97 and 0.89 for QO1-35, WHO-100 and SF-36. (3)On construct validity. The accumulated proportions of variances of the preceding seven factors were 66.5%, 50.3% and 65.3% for QOL-35, WHO-100 and SF-36. (4) On criterion validity. Spearman correlation coefficients of total QOL score of QOL-35 with those of WHO-100 and SF-36 were 0.805 and 0.745. (5)The rates of chronic diseases were 53.1%, 33.1%, 26.4% and 25.1% from first to fourth quantile of the total QOL scores of QOL-35(P<0.05). (6)Cronbach's Alpha was from 0.68 to 0.93 in 135 subjects, and from 0.71 to 0.91 in 1356 individuals of natural population.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The QOL-35 instrument satisfied test-retest reliability and was highly correlated with WHO-100 and SF-36, having fewer items but better construction validity, better internal consistency, and better discrimination ability. We suggested that QOL-35 be used as a replicable tool to assess quality of life in the Chinese general population.</p>
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Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Analysis of Variance , China , Ethnology , Chronic Disease , Quality of Life , Reproducibility of Results , Surveys and Questionnaires , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
0.05).Conclusion Compared with multi-breath hold GRAPPA technique,single breath hold TSENSE technique is a fast,accurate and reproducible method and can be an substitute for GRAPPA to evaluate ventricular function.
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Objective To explore the influence of the intimacy and adaptability to the other fa- mily members on the postpartum recovery of parturients. Methods One hundred and twenty-two pregnant women were randomly selected among all the admissions from March to August of 2004 in the hospital. FACESⅡ-CV and (EPDS) were applied in this study. Results Postpartum depression and postpartum recovery were significantly correlated with the degree of intimacy and adaptability between the mother and other family members. Conclusions A higher degree of intimacy and adaptability in the family is helpful in postpartum recovery, breast-feeding and alleviating symptoms of postpartum depression.